10010010.01110011.00001000.00010100 = 146.115.8.20 =============================================================================== | binary | 128| 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | decimal | =============================================================================== | 10010010 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 128+16+2=146 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 01110011 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 64+32+16+2+1=115 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 00001000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8=8 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 00010100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 16+4=20 | =============================================================================== 11000111.11101000.00111000.00101011 = 199.232.56.43 =============================================================================== | binary | 128| 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | decimal | =============================================================================== | 11000111 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 128+64+4+2+1=199 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 11101000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 128+64+32+8=232 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 00111000 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32+16+8=56 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 00101011 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 32+8+2+1=43 | =============================================================================== 01010101.10010001.00100110.10101010=85.145.38.170 ========================================================================= | binary | 128| 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | decimal | ========================================================================= | 01010101 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 64+16+4+1=85 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 10010001 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 128+16+1=145 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 00100110 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 32+4+2=38 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 10101010 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 128+32+8+2=170 | ========================================================================= 2^0 = 0 /32|2^ 8 = 256 /24|2^16 = 65,536 /16|2^24 = 16,777,216 /8 2^1 = 2 /31|2^ 9 = 512 /23|2^17 = 131,072 /15|2^25 = 33,554,432 /7 2^2 = 4 /30|2^10 = 1,024 /22|2^18 = 262,144 /14|2^26 = 67,108,864 /6 2^3 = 8 /29|2^11 = 2,048 /21|2^19 = 524,288 /13|2^27 = 134,217,728 /5 2^4 = 16 /28|2^12 = 4,096 /20|2^20 = 1,048,576 /12|2^28 = 268,435,456 /4 2^5 = 32 /27|2^13 = 8,192 /19|2^21 = 2,097,152 /11|2^29 = 536,870,912 /3 2^6 = 64 /26|2^14 = 16,384 /18|2^22 = 4,194,304 /10|2^30 = 1,073,741,824 /2 2^7 = 128 /25|2^15 = 32,768 /17|2^23 = 8,388,608 /9 |2^31 = 2,147,483,648 /1 # of IP's in an allocation formula is: 2^(32-x)=y x=stroke # y=# of IP addresses in allocation 199.232.56.40/30 --> 2^(32-30)=4 netmask formula is: 256-(2^(32-x)=y)=z note formula is only for anything less than a /24 finding an allocation with a given IP and subnet mask: 199.232.56.43 255.255.255.252 convert both to binary and add the binaries 1+1=1 0+0=0 0+1=0 1+0=0 11000111.11101000.00111000.00101011 = 199.232.56.43 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 = 255.255.255.252 ------------------------------------------------------ 11000111.11101000.00111000.00101000 = 199.232.56.40/30 ================================== 199.232.56.42 and 255.255.255.252 11000111.11101000.00111000.00101011 = 199.232.56.42 =============================================================================== | binary | 128| 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | decimal | =============================================================================== | 11000111 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 128+64+4+2+1=199 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 11101000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 128+64+32+8=232 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 00111000 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32+16+8=56 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 00101011 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 32+8+2=42 | =============================================================================== 11000111.11101000.00111000.00101010 = 199.232.56.42 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 = 255.255.255.252 ------------------------------------------------------ 11000111.11101000.00111000.00101000 = 199.232.56.40/32